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<title>Mareth Line</title>

Mareth Line

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mareth Line</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of French defence of Tunisia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> Tunisia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Mareth Line in 1943</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">French colonial administration of Tunisia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data">French army (1939–1940)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Controlled by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Panzer_Army_Africa" title="Panzer Army Africa">German–Italian Panzer Army</a> (Deutsch-Italienische Panzerarmee/Armata Corazzata Italo-Tedesca) [1943]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Derelict</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Location</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:33.63333333333333,10.3">33°38′00″N 10°18′00″E / 33.63333°N 10.30000°E / 33.63333; 10.30000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">2,200 ft (670 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">25 mi (40 km)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1936 (1936)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data">French colonial administration of Tunisia and French Army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In use</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1943 (1943-03)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data">reinforced concrete</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Abandoned after 1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data">Battle of the Mareth Line</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Garrison information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Past commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Giovanni_Messe" title="Giovanni Messe">Giovanni Messe</a> <a href="Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Garrison</th><td class="infobox-data">1943, east to west: <a href="136th_Infantry_Division_Giovani_Fascisti" class="mw-redirect" title="136th Infantry Division Giovani Fascisti">136th Infantry Division Giovani Fascisti</a>, <a href="101st_Motorised_Division_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="101st Motorised Division Trieste">101st Motorised Division Trieste</a>, <a href="90th_Light_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">90th Light Division</a>, <a href="80th_Infantry_Division_La_Spezia_(Airlanding)" class="mw-redirect" title="80th Infantry Division La Spezia (Airlanding)">80th Infantry Division La Spezia</a>, <a href="16th_Motorised_Division_Pistoia" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Motorised Division Pistoia">16th Motorised Division Pistoia</a>, <a href="164th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">164th Light Afrika Division</a> <a href="15th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">15th Panzer Division</a> (32 operational tanks) Reserve: <a href="21st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">21st Panzer Division</a>, <a href="10th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">10th Panzer Division</a> (110 operational tanks); Djebel Tebaga to Djebel Melab: <a href="Auto-Saharan_Companies" title="Auto-Saharan Companies">Raggruppamento Sahariano</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Mareth Line was a system of fortifications built by France in southern <a href="French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in the late 1930s. The line was intended to protect Tunisia against an <a href="Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> invasion from its colony in <a href="Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. The line occupied a point where the routes into Tunisia from the south converged, leading toward <a href="Mareth" title="Mareth">Mareth</a>, with the <a href="Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the east and mountains and a sand sea to the west.

The line ran along the north side of Wadi Zigzaou for about 50 km (31 mi) south-westwards from the <a href="Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gulf of Gabès">Gulf of Gabès</a> to Cheguimi and the Djebel (mountain) Matmata on the Dahar plateau between the <a href="Grand_Erg_Oriental" title="Grand Erg Oriental">Grand Erg Oriental</a> (Great Eastern Sand Sea) and the <a href="Matmata%2C_Tunisia" title="Matmata, Tunisia">Matmata</a> hills. The <a href="Tebaga_Gap" title="Tebaga Gap">Tebaga Gap</a>, between the Mareth line and the Great Eastern Sand Sea, a potential route by which an invader could outflank the Mareth line, was not surveyed until 1938.

After the French <a href="Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a>, the Mareth Line was demilitarised under the supervision of an <a href="Italian_Armistice_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Armistice Commission">Italo-German commission</a>. Tunisia was occupied by <a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces after <a href="Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> in 1942 and the line was refurbished and extended by Axis engineers into a defensive position by building more defences between the line and Wadi Zeuss 3.5 mi (5.6 km) to the south but French-built anti-tank gun positions were too small for Axis anti-tank guns which had to be sited elsewhere.

The <a href="Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Battle of Medenine</a> (6 March 1943) against the <a href="Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">Eighth Army</a> was a costly failure. At the <a href="Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Battle of the Mareth Line</a> (16–31 March 1943) the Eighth Army was contained within the Mareth Line defences. An outflanking move west and north of the Mareth Line was followed by Operation Supercharge II which broke through the Axis defences of the Tebaga Gap and led them to retreat from the Mareth Line to <a href="Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit" title="Battle of Wadi Akarit">Wadi Akarit</a>. The Mareth Line is derelict and is commemorated at the <a href="Mareth_Museum" title="Mareth Museum">Mareth Museum</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_strategy">French strategy</h3></div>

In the 1930s the defence of the <a href="French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> (French Indochina, Pacific Islands, West Indies, African colonies and Syria–Lebanon) was left to the <a href="French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>, colonial and "native" units, the <a href="Marine_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine nationale">Marine nationale</a> (Navy) and the <a href="Arm%C3%A9e_de_l'Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée de l'Air">Armée de l'Air</a> (Air Force). By the late 1930s, the Navy had only one aircraft carrier and the Armée de l'Air could spare only second-rate aircraft. <a href="French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="French_Protectorate_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a> and Tunisia provided much of the manpower of the <a href="Troupes_coloniales" title="Troupes coloniales">Armée coloniale</a> and Tunisia, with the Italian colony of <a href="Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> to the east, was excepted from the priority given to the defence of metropolitan France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200689Jackson2000332–333-1">[1]</a> French plans for defence of Tunisia assumed that Italy would launch an overwhelming assault that France could not easily oppose. Italy was expected to launch attacks on <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and Tunisia as soon as war was declared, with the Italian Navy securing supply and blocking any substantial Anglo-French relief. With a force of six divisions, a fortress division and a cavalry division to defend Tunisia, capable of only local operations with limited objectives. The French army considered the construction of a "<a href="Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> in the desert" (ligne Maginot du désert).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195492–93-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div>

Central Tunisia is dominated by the <a href="Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>, while the northern and southern portions are largely flat. The primary feature in the south is the Matmata Hills, a range running north-south roughly parallel to the Mediterranean coast. West of the hills, the land is the inhospitable <a href="Jebel_Dahar" title="Jebel Dahar">Jebel Dahar</a> and the Dehar region of desert beyond to the west, making the region between the hills and the coast the only easily traversed approach to northern Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord201246-5">[4]</a> A smaller line of hills runs east–west along the northern edge of the Matmata range, further complicating this approach. At the far northern end of the Matmata Hills is the <a href="Tebaga_Gap" title="Tebaga Gap">Tebaga Gap</a>. From the Mediterranean the coastal plain rises gently to the Matmata Hills. The plain consists of gravels and sands, with salt flats between the sandy areas, which turn into bogs after light rain becoming impassable to wheeled vehicles. There are numerous wadis from the hills to the sea, including the bigger Wadi Zeuss and Wadi Zigzaou. Inland, the sources of the wadis are steep and rocky, widening near the coast, the beds having streams or muddy bottoms, with firmer areas traversable by vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004332-6">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans">Plans</h3></div>

In January 1934 planning began on the new fortifications; Infantry officers selected the sites for strongpoints to dominate the ground in front with overlapping fields of fire. In 1936, the French government provided funds for construction after Italy formed the <a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Rome–Berlin Axis</a> with Germany, creating a greater threat to French security in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> The <a href="Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a> designed for the line had much less concrete than comparable examples in France and had no <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fosse" class="extiw external" title="wikt:fosse">fossé</a> (gap) rather a stable door, in case the lower part was blocked by débris. In September 1936, during a meeting with General <a href="Alphonse_Joseph_Georges" title="Alphonse Joseph Georges">Joseph Georges</a>, it was agreed that the fortification of the Mareth Line, Bizerte, Medenine, Ben Gardane and Foum <a href="Tataouine" title="Tataouine">Tataouine</a> (Tataouine) must be completed. Medenine, Ben Gardane to the west and Tataouine to the east, were south of the proposed line, Tataouine being the place where the routes to Mareth passed through the bottleneck between the Matmata Mountains and the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690-7">[6]</a>

The line was divided into eastern and western sectors with a main line of resistance and a reserve line about 0.93 mi (1.5 km) back. A secteur défensif (SD) was to be built on the rocky Dahar Plateau, which later became part of an SD across the Matmata Hills to <a href="Kebili" title="Kebili">Kebili</a> on the edge of the <a href="Chott_el_Djerid" title="Chott el Djerid">Chott el Djerid</a>. The chott and Chott El Fedjaj drained across Tunisia into Wadi Akarit, across Tunisia but Wadi Akarit was only sketchily fortified, the French concentrating on the Mareth Line 31 mi (50 km) south, to cover Gabes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690-7">[6]</a> The gap between the Mareth Line and the Great Eastern Sand Sea, a potential route by which an invader could outflank the Mareth line, was not given consideration until 1938. General <a href="Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a> and Colonel Gautsch surveyed the area and in their assessment predicted that three divisions could advance from the Libyan border to Ksar (fortified village) el Hallouf and Bir (well) Soltane in six days and then advance into the gaps either side of Djebel Melab and those between Djebel Tebaga and the Matmata Hills. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200689Playfair2004333-9">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mareth_Line">Mareth Line</h2></div>

The Mareth Line consisted of casemates surrounded by barbed wire and built for all-round defence in the main and reserve lines, the obstacles being doubled on the fronts and sides. The strongpoints in the main line included flanking machine-gun casemates and anti-tank gun positions; in the reserve line artillery emplacements provided covering fire in the gaps between the strongpoints in the main line. Some of the flanking casemates for machine-guns covering the gaps were connected by galleries; strongpoints on the plain and in hills had anti-tank positions. An anti-tank obstacle of vertical rails was built along the front of the line and the sides of Wadi Zigzaou were steepened. Eight artillery casemates, forty infantry casemates or blockhouses and fifteen command posts were built. The eastern sector had twelve strongpoints in the main line and eleven in the reserve line. The western sector had eleven strongpoints in the main line and seven in the reserve line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690-7">[6]</a>

In the Matmata hills, Ksar el Hallouf covered an anti-tank ditch which continued the position beyond the main line which ended on the foothills. An infantry position was dug into the Matmata hills at Ksar-el-Hallouf and in the Dahar beyond, a strongpoint at Bir Soltane had two 75 mm turrets, removed from <a href="Char_2C" title="Char 2C">Char 2C</a> tanks built in 1918. At Ben Gardane an advanced position was built consisting of a square redoubt inside an anti-tank ditch with casemates on the flanks and concrete infantry shelters. Small triangular strongpoints at the corners were surrounded by anti-tank rail obstacles that continued around the position. The Mareth line was equipped with obsolescent 75 mm and 47 mm naval guns for anti-tank defence and a few new <a href="25_mm_Hotchkiss_anti-tank_gun" title="25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun">25 mm anti-tank guns</a> and infantry small arms. The artillery casemates with 75 mm guns and most of the blockhouses and casemates had embrasures for automatic weapons. In 1938 work the Mareth line was so important that work on coast defences was stopped and in 1939 the line was occupied by colonial divisions and some locally raised units. After the outbreak of the war, a line of advanced positions (avant-postes) was built on high ground at Aram 6.2 mi (10 km) south of the main line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690-7">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demilitarisation_1940,_Axis_occupation_1943">Demilitarisation 1940, Axis occupation 1943</h3></div>

The Second World War began in 1939 but the Mareth Line was inactive from 1939 to 1940, as Italy remained neutral until a few days before the <a href="Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a>, after which, the line was demilitarised by an <a href="Italian_Armistice_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Armistice Commission">Italo-German commission</a>. In November 1942, the British <a href="Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">Eighth Army</a> (<a href="General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a>) defeated <a href="Panzer_Army_Africa" title="Panzer Army Africa">Panzerarmee Afrika</a> at the <a href="Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> and the British <a href="First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a> landed in French North Africa in <a href="Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>. Axis forces occupied Tunisia in the <a href="Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</a> and from November 1942 to March 1943, the Panzerarmee conducted a fighting retreat through Egypt and Libya, pursued by the Eighth Army. In March the Eighth Army reached the Libya–Tunisia border and paused at Medenine to prepare to attack the Mareth Line. Axis engineers built an outpost zone from Wadi Zeuss 3.5 mi (5.6 km) back to the Mareth Line. Field fortifications were constructed at Sidi el Guelaa, south of Aram on the main road from Medinine to Mareth, around Aram and at Bahira. The Mareth Line was refurbished for occupation by the Panzerarmee and by March 1943, more than 62 miles (100 km) of <a href="Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>, 100,000 anti-tank mines and 70,000 anti-personnel mines had been laid, bunkers had been reinforced with concrete and armed with anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004334-10">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medenine_and_Mareth">Medenine and Mareth</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Battle of Medenine</a></div>

The Axis forces opposing the Eighth Army were renamed the Italian <a href="First_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Army (Italy)">1st Army</a> (General <a href="Giovanni_Messe" title="Giovanni Messe">Giovanni Messe</a>) on 23 February 1943 and attempted a spoiling attack, the Battle of Medenine (Unternehmen Capri, Operation Capri). The attack was a costly failure and the Axis troops withdrew to the Mareth Line to await the British attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004324-11">[9]</a> Rommel called the Mareth Line "a line of antiquated French blockhouses, which in no way measured up to the standards required by modern warfare...".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004229-12">[10]</a> The Mareth Line was garrisoned by the <a href="136th_Infantry_Division_Giovani_Fascisti" class="mw-redirect" title="136th Infantry Division Giovani Fascisti">136th Infantry Division "Giovani Fascisti"</a> from the coast to Zarat, the <a href="101st_Motorised_Division_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="101st Motorised Division Trieste">101st Motorised Division "Trieste"</a> covering the Gabès–Mareth road around Mareth and Aram, the <a href="90th_Light_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">90th Light Division</a> to the south of the "Trieste" Division at Aram and Sidi el Guelaa cutting the road and covering Wadi Zeuss, <a href="80th_Infantry_Division_La_Spezia_(Airlanding)" class="mw-redirect" title="80th Infantry Division La Spezia (Airlanding)">80th Infantry Division "La Spezia"</a> south of the 90th Light Division, the <a href="16th_Motorised_Division_Pistoia" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Motorised Division Pistoia">16th Motorised Division "Pistoia"</a>. South of "La Spezia", near Beni Kreddache covering the Hallouf Pass the line was held by the <a href="164th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">164th Light Afrika Division</a>. The <a href="15th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">15th Panzer Division</a> with 32 operational tanks was based at Zerkine 5 mi (8.0 km) north-west of Mareth. In reserve were the <a href="21st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">21st Panzer Division</a> south-west of Gabès and the <a href="10th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">10th Panzer Division</a> south-west of <a href="Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a> with 110 operational tanks. The line from Djebel Tebaga to Djebel Melab was held by the Raggruppamento Sahariano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004333-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> The British survey of the Mareth Line, the positions of <a href="Zarat%2C_Tunisia" title="Zarat, Tunisia">Zarat</a> sudest (Zaret South-West), Ouerzi, Ouerzi Ouest (Ouerzi West), Ouerzi Est (Ouerzi East), Ksiba Ouest and Ksiba Est being of particular interest, was assisted by General Marcel Rime-Bruneau, a former Chief of Staff of the Tunisian garrison and Captain Paul Mezan, the former Garrison Engineer of the Mareth Line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004332-6">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line">Battle of the Mareth Line</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Battle of the Mareth Line</a></div>

On 19 March 1943, the Eighth Army made a frontal assault against the Mareth Line in Operation Pugilist. The <a href="50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th Northumbrian Infantry Division</a> penetrated the Line near Zarat but was driven back by the <a href="33rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="33rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">15th Panzer Division</a> and the "Giovani Fascisti" on 22 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004362–363-15">[12]</a> Reconnaissance by the <a href="Long_Range_Desert_Group" title="Long Range Desert Group">Long Range Desert Group</a> had shown that the line could be outflanked. A force could pass through the southern Matmata Hills, reach the Tebaga Gap from the west and reach the coastal plain behind the Mareth Line. During Pugilist, Montgomery had sent the <a href="2nd_New_Zealand_Division" title="2nd New Zealand Division">2nd New Zealand Division</a> around the Matmata Hills but its attack was contained at the Tebaga Gap from 21 to 24 March. Montgomery sent the <a href="1st_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">1st Armoured Division</a> (<a href="X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="X Corps (United Kingdom)">X Corps</a>) to reinforce the attack at the Tebaga Gap. The British attacked again in <a href="Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line#Operation_Supercharge_II" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Operation Supercharge II</a> on 26 March and broke through the gap the next day. This success, combined with another frontal assault on the Mareth Line, made the position untenable; the Italian 1st Army escaped encirclement when the 1st Armoured Division was held up at El Hamma and the Axis forces retreated to <a href="Wadi_Akarit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Akarit">Wadi Akarit</a>, 37 mi (60 km) to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004337–351-16">[13]</a>

After the Battle of the Mareth Line, the defences were left to become derelict and are commemorated at the <a href="Mareth_Museum" title="Mareth Museum">Mareth Museum</a> at Gabès.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETT2020-17">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Two of the infantry divisions were transferred to France from 21 May 1940 and by 7 June the French force had been reduced to four infantry divisions, fortress troops and local cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2004120-3">[3]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The cost of the Mareth Line and its forward defences was similar to that of <a href="Ouvrage_Sainte-Agn%C3%A8s" title="Ouvrage Sainte-Agnès">Ouvrage Sainte-Agnès</a> in the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690-7">[6]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The Raggruppamento Sahariano consisted of two battalions of Infantry Regiment 350, three companies of the Novara Group, a Frontier Guard battalion, a battalion from the "Savona" Division, a machine-gun battalion, four Saharan companies and nine troops of artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004333-13">[11]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200689Jackson2000332–333-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200689Jackson2000332–333_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2006">Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFJackson2000">Jackson 2000</a>, pp. 332–333.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195492–93-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195492–93_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1954">Playfair 1954</a>, pp. 92–93.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2004120-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2004120_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox2004">Knox 2004</a>, p. 120.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord201246-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord201246_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFord2012">Ford 2012</a>, p. 46.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004332-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004332_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004332_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 332.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200690_7-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2006">Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006</a>, p. 90.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200689Playfair2004333-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann200689Playfair2004333_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2006">Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 333.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004334-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004334_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 334.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004324-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004324_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 324.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004229-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004229_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 229.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004333-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004333_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004333_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 333.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004362–363-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004362–363_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, pp. 362–363.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004337–351-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004337–351_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, pp. 337–351.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETT2020-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETT2020_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTT2020">TT 2020</a>.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFord2012" class="citation book cs1">Ford, K. (2012). The Mareth Line 1943: The End in Africa. Steve Noon (ebook ed.). Oxford: Osprey. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78096-094-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJackson2000" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, P. (2000). France and the Nazi Menace: Intelligence and Policy Making, 1933–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19820-834-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2006" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2006). Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II (online scan ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger Security International (Greenwood Publishing). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-275-98345-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKnox2004" class="citation book cs1">Knox, MacGregor (2004) [1982]. Mussolini Unleashed 1939–1941 Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War (repr. pbk. ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-33835-2</bdi> – via online scan.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, I. S. O.</a>; et al. (1954). <a href="James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). <a href="HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-84574-065-3</bdi>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair2004" class="citation book cs1">Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV (pbk. facs repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-84574-068-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTT2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosaicnorthafrica.com/visit-4-world-war-ii-sites-in-tunisia/">"Travel Tips Tunisia: Visit 4 World War II Sites in Tunisia"</a>. mosaicnorthafrica com. 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDear2001" class="citation book cs1">Dear, I. C. B., ed. (2001). The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-860446-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGauché1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gauché, Maurice (1953). Le Deuxième Bureau au Travail, 1935–1940 [The <a href="Deuxi%C3%A8me_Bureau" title="Deuxième Bureau">Deuxième Bureau</a> at Work]. Archives d'histoire contemporaine (in French). Paris: Amiot Dumont. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3093195">3093195</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrior-Palmer1946" class="citation book cs1">Prior-Palmer, Brigadier G. E. (March 1946). "II, Medenine to Tunis". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warlinks.com/armour/8th_armoured/chapter_2.html">A Short History of the 8th Armoured Brigade</a>. Hanover: H.Q. 8th Armoured Brigade. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite> no isbn</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStevens1962" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Major-General W. G. (1962). "8–10". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Bard-c8-1.html">Bardia to Enfidaville</a>. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4377202">4377202</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mareth_Line" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mareth Line">Mareth Line</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/4161/rec/1">Strader, J. W. Tactical Bomber Operations in the ETO (1944)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710212242/http://www.exploguide.com/site/mareth-line-military-museum-mareth">Travel tips to visit the Mareth Line museum</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="World_War_II25329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Leaders

<ul><li><a href="Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li>

<li><a href="Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a>

<ul><li><a href="Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li>

<li><a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a> </li>

<li><a href="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li>

<li><a href="South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a>

<ul><li><a href="North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_People's_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_atrocities_committed_against_prisoners_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Soviet atrocities committed against prisoners of war during World War II">Atrocities against prisoners of war</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li>

<li><a href="War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li>

<li><a href="International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li>

<li>Sexual violence

<ul><li><a href="German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li>

<li><a href="German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Rape during the occupation of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li>

<li><a href="Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li>

<li><a href="Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="1944_Bulgarian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li>

<li><a href="Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="1944_Romanian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li>

<li><a href="State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Collaboration</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li>

<li><a href="German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_Peoples'_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li>

<li>Vietnam

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li>German prisoners

<ul><li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li>

<li>Soviet prisoners

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7712" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li>

<li><a href="Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li>

<li><a href="1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li>

<li><a href="Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li>

<li><a href="Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Baltic states</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li>

<li><a href="June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li>

<li><a href="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rzhev%2C_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li>

<li><a href="Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_May_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li>

<li><a href="Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li>

<li><a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li>

<li><a href="Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li>

<li><a href="Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AWorld" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mareth_Line&oldid=1277803668">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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